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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2018 | Volume
: 4
| Issue : 1 | Page : 21-27 |
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An integrated study for the utilization of anthraquinone compounds extract “Heshouwu” In vivo and their comparative metabolism in liver microsomes using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MSn
Sha Chen, Hong-Yu Ma, Zhe Deng, Jun Zhang, Jin-Tang Cheng, Chang Chen, An Liu
Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| Date of Submission | 16-Jun-2017 |
| Date of Acceptance | 12-Mar-2018 |
| Date of Web Publication | 10-Apr-2018 |
Correspondence Address:
An Liu
Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700
China
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | 3 |
DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_2_18
Objective: Anthraquinone (AQ), a major bioactive component of the traditional Chinese medicine HeShouWu, has widespread applications in industry and medicine. The objective of the current study is to explore the differences in the bioavailability of anthraquinones in vivo and the metabolism in liver microsomes. Materials and Methods: In vivo, we used a reliable UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS method to measure seven AQ compounds in the jugular vein plasma of rats following oral administration of HeShouWu. Furthermore, in order to quantify the bioavailability of AQs in vivo and to further understand the metabolism of these compounds, we compared the in vitro metabolism of AQ in different species with respect to metabolic profiles, the enzymes involved, and catalytic efficiency using liver microsomes from human (HLM), mouse (MLM), rat (RLM), and beagle dog (DLM). Results: We identified two metabolic pathways, including the hydroxylation and glucuronidation of AQ, in the liver microsomes of humans and other species using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF. We found that substitutions on the AQ ring were crucial to the activity and regioselectivity of its hydroxylation. In general, hydroxylation activity decreased greatly with β-COOH (rhein) and enhanced dramatically with β-OH (emodin). We also found that glucuronidation of the compound emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside acts as the main isoform in AQ hydroxylation in HLM and DLM. Total microsomal intrinsic clearance values for AQ were greatest in mouse microsomes, followed by those in dog, human, and rat microsomes. Conclusion: The absorption of different anthrquinone compounds varied based on the compound structure, the metabolism types and products of anthraquinones in liver microsomes were different in different species. These findings provide vital information for a deeper unuunderstanding of the metabolism of AQs.
Keywords: Anthraquinones, liver microsomes, UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS, UPLC-Q-TOF/MS
How to cite this article:
Chen S, Ma HY, Deng Z, Zhang J, Cheng JT, Chen C, Liu A. An integrated study for the utilization of anthraquinone compounds extract “Heshouwu” In vivo and their comparative metabolism in liver microsomes using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MSn. World J Tradit Chin Med 2018;4:21-7 |
How to cite this URL:
Chen S, Ma HY, Deng Z, Zhang J, Cheng JT, Chen C, Liu A. An integrated study for the utilization of anthraquinone compounds extract “Heshouwu” In vivo and their comparative metabolism in liver microsomes using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MSn. World J Tradit Chin Med [serial online] 2018 [cited 2023 Dec 1];4:21-7. Available from: https://www.wjtcm.net/text.asp?2018/4/1/21/229165 |
| Introduction | |  |
Anthraquinones (AQs) are widely distributed in many medicinal plants and can be found in the metabolites of lower plants.[1] AQs are the main components of radix polygoni multiflori (RPM, Heshouwu in Chinese) and have many biological activities that can combat cancer [2],[3],[4] and developmental anomalies,[5] as well as tonic tension.[6] AQs also have antimicrobial,[7] antioxidant,[8] and anti-human cytomegalovirus activity.[9] Previously, AQs were primarily used in the dye industry. More recently, they have gained attention as a result of the identification of their significant medical value, and Polygonum multiflorum is currently employed in clinical practice.
RPM is an herb thought to tonify the kidney and liver and has also been used to treat hyperlipidemia and the premature graying of hair.[10],[11],[12],[13] However, a growing number of studies have also demonstrated the adverse effects of P. multiflorum,[14],[15],[16] and some researchers found that P. multiflorum can cause hepatotoxicity. In addition, the long-term use of P. multiflorum may also lead to kidney toxicity. Such adverse effects may be induced directly by AQs present in RPM or by a reactive metabolite of the chemical constituents acting against hepatocytes.[13],[15]
In this study, we analyzed the behavior of AQ in vitro and in vivo through administration of “HeShouWu” by gavage, in order to provide a basis for the study of liver toxicity. It is of great importance to investigate the metabolic behavior of AQs and to identify whether nephrotoxicity is caused by AQ components in P. multiflorum. The present research identifies the biotransformative role of AQs. We used liver microsomes from various species (including human, beagle, Sprague Dawley (SD) rat, and CD1 mouse) to verify bioconversion relationships and to investigate the metabolism of AQ compounds in vitro. Such research may in turn help the design of new drugs and enhance the use of P. multiflorum in clinical applications.
| Experimental | | |
Chemicals and materials
RPM (NO.201311015) was purchased from Infinitus Co. Ltd., (Beijing, China). Standard compounds of rhein (No. 0757-9804), emodin (No. 0756-9707), aloe-emodin (No. 110795-201007), chrysophanol (110796–201319), physcion (0758–9402) (>98%), and saikosaponin A (internal standard [IS]) were purchased from the National Institute for the Control of Biological and Pharmaceutical Drugs (Beijing, China). Emodin-8-O -β-D-glucoside (emodin-8-O-β-D-Glu, >97.6%) was obtained from the laboratory where the study was conducted, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) and carbon NMR spectra were applied. Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) dehydrogenase and NADP-Na2 were purchased from Roche (Roche, Switzerland). Hydrated magnesium chloride (MgCl2(H2O)6) was purchased from Amresco (Amresco, USA). Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid (UDPGA) was purchased from Sigma. Alamethicin was purchased from Aladdin (Aladdin, USA). Mass spectrometry (MS)-grade acetonitrile and methanol were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). The formic acid used (eluent additive used for high-performance liquid chromatography-MS [HPLC-MS] analysis) was also of MS grade (CNW, Germany). Other analytical-grade chemicals were obtained from the Beijing Chemical Factory (Beijing, China).
Human, beagle dog, rat, and mouse liver microsomes were purchased from XenoTech (XenoTech, USA). All liver microsomes were from adult males. All procedures involving animals complied with the Laboratory Animal Management Principles of China. Microsomes prepared from liver tissue using differential ultracentrifugation were used to determine the concentration of microsomal protein with bovine serum albumin used as a standard. All microsomal samples were stored at − 80°C until further use.
Experimental animals
Adult male SD rats weighing 200 ± 20 g were examined by the National Institute for Food and Drug Control (Beijing, China; Certificate No. SCXK2009-0017). The animals were specifically pathogen-free, had been acclimated to their environmentally controlled quarters for at least three months (24°C ± 1°C, 12/12 h light/dark cycles), and had free access to standard food and water.
Blank plasma was collected before the experiment. All experimental protocols were conducted in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Institute of Health Publication 85–23, revised edition 1985).
Preparation of radix polygoni multiflori extract
RPM samples were weighed accurately (70 g) and placed into a conical flask. The soluble constituents were extracted by refluxing in 70% alcohol three times, first for 90 min, then for 70 min, and finally for 50 min. The extracts were combined and concentrated under vacuum, then diluted with water to 50 mL. A single dose of “Heshouwu” equivalent to 21 g/kg of crude drugs was administered to rats.
Preparation of plasma samples
Plasma samples were collected from the jugular vein. Plasma was collected at 0 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 30 min, 45 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, and 24 h after intragastric administration of the extract using an online automatic blood collection operation. Approximately 250 μL of blood was placed in Eppendorf tubes (EP tubes) containing heparin sodium. These were mixed immediately and centrifuged at 4000 × g for 10 min. The plasma samples were then transferred to new 1.5-mL EP tubes and stored at −20°C until further use.
The 100-μL plasma samples were placed in a tube containing IS and vortexed for 1 min, after which 400 μL acetonitrile was added to precipitate proteins. The mixture was vortexed for 2 min and centrifuged at 12 000 × g for 5 min. The 400-μL supernatant was then transferred to another 5-mL EP tube and evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen at 25°C. The residue was dissolved in 150 mL methanol-water solution (50/50, v/v) and centrifuged at 12000 × g for 5 min. The supernatant was then transferred to another EP tube and filtered through a 0.22-μm Millipore filter before HPLC-MS analysis.
Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetic parameters of maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the time of maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) were measured directly from the plasma data. The elimination rate constant (Ke) was evaluated using linear regression of the terminal points in a semi-log plot of plasma concentration against time. Elimination half-life (t1/2) was calculated using the formula t1/2 =0.693/Ke. The area under the plasma concentration time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0–∞) was calculated as AUC0–∞= AUC0–T0–t+ Ct/Ke.
Liver microsomal incubation
Preparation of substrate
Emodin-8-O-β-D-Glu, physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to obtain concentrations of 12.75, 11.89, 15.00, 11.51, 11.50, 11.07, and 14.61 mM, respectively.
Preparation of phase I metabolite solutions
NADPH-Na2 was prepared as a 10 mM solution in phosphate buffer. Both G6P and MgCl2 were prepared as 50 mM solutions in phosphate buffer. G6PD was dissolved in phosphate buffer to achieve a concentration of 10 units/mL. All samples were aliquoted and stored at −20°C until further use.
Preparation of phase II metabolite solutions
MgCl2 was prepared as an 8 mM solution in phosphate buffer, alamethicin was prepared as a 125 μg/mL solution in phosphate buffer, and UDPGA was prepared as a 5 mM solution in phosphate buffer. All were stored as aliquots at −20°C until further use.
Liver microsomal incubation for phase I metabolites
Complete incubation systems contained 2 μL AQ compounds, 78 μL phosphate buffer, 40 μL G6P dehydrogenase, and 40 μL SD rat liver microsomes. The mixture was preincubated for 5 min and then added to 40 μL cofactor solution, which was also preincubated for 5 min. The reaction was initiated by further incubating for 1 h at 37°C. The mixture was then centrifuged at 4000 × g, and the reaction was terminated by adding 200 μL ice-cold methanol. The mixture was maintained at − 20°C for 10 min, vortexed for 2 min, and then centrifuged at 10000 × g for 5 min. The supernatant was drawn into another tube and dried with a gentle stream of nitrogen gas. The residue was dissolved in 150 μL methanol, then vortexed, and centrifuged as described above. Reactions for all other liver microsomes (human, beagle, and CD1 mouse) were conducted in the same manner.
Liver microsomal incubation for phase II metabolites
Incubation systems for phase II metabolites were different from those of phase I metabolites. Incubation solutions contained 2 μL AQ compounds, 38 μL phosphate buffer, 40 μL MgCl2 solution, 40 μL alamethicin solution, and 40 μL SD rat liver microsomes. The mixture was preincubated for 5 min, and then added to 40 μL UDPGA, which was also preincubated for 5 min. The remaining procedure was performed as described above. Reactions for all other liver microsomes (human, beagle, and CD1 mouse) were conducted in the same manner.
Chromatographic system
An HPLC-20A unit, equipped with a photodiode array detector, was used to analyze the reference and AQ compounds extracted from RPM. An Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) analytical column was used for this analysis.
The mobile phase consisted of methanol (A) and water containing 0.2% (v/v) formic acid (B) with the following gradient profile: 0–1.5 min, 10% A; 1.5–1.6 min, increase to 70% A; 1.6–3.6 min, 70% A; 3.6–3.7 min, increase to 80% A; 3.7–8.0 min, 80% A; 8–13 min, 95% A. The flow rate was 0.2 mL/min, column temperature was maintained at 35°C, and the injection volume was 3 μL.
To study the metabolites of AQ compounds in vitro, an agilent eclipse plus C18 (100 mm × 3 mm, 1.8 μm) analytical column was used. The mobile phases comprised acetonitrile as solvent A and MS-grade water containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid as solvent B. The following gradient profile was used: 0–1.5 min, 10% A; 1.5–4 min, increase to 50% A; 4–10 min, increase to 95% A; 10–13 min, 95% A; at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and a column temperature of 35°C. The injection volume was 5 μL, and the diode array detection wavelength for data acquisition was set to 254 nm.
Quantitative detection was carried out using UPLC-ESI -QqQ-MS (Agilent 1290 and 6460 triple quadrupole MS series, Agilent Corporation, CA, USA). Electrospray ionization (ESI) was performed in negative mode. The mass spectrometric parameters for each compound (tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside [TSG], rhein, emodin-8-O-β-Glu, aloe-emodin, emodin, chrysophanol, and 1, 8-didroxyanthraquinone) were all optimized in our study.
Qualitative analyses of various liver microsomes were carried out using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. ESI was also performed in negative mode, with nitrogen used as the drying agent in MS analysis. MS conditions were as follows: nebulizing pressure, 35 psi; gas flow, 5 L/min; gas temperature, 325°C; sheath gas flow and temperature, 12 L/min and 350°C, respectively; accelerating voltage, 175 V; and collision energy, 25 V.
Statistical analysis
The software DAS 2.0 was used to plot graphs and analyze the pharmacokinetic parameters of AQ. Metabolite data were identified through UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS after incubating mono-AQs with various liver microsomes.
| Results | | |
Optimization of UPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS n
To take advantage of the high sensitivity of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in the quantitative analysis, standards were used to generate characteristic MS [2] ions for quantification. We optimized representative MRM chromatograms of the IS (1,8-didroxyanthraquinone) and analytes (TSG, emodin, emodin-8-O-β-D-Glu, aloe-emodin, rhein, and chrysophanol) extracted from rat plasma samples following oral administration of the Heshouwu extract [Figure 1]. For TSG, emodin, emodin-8-O-β-D-Glu, aloe-emodin, rhein, and chrysophanol, the optimized suitable paired ions ([M-H]-- MS/MS [Q3]-) were 405.1–243, 269.1–241, 431.1–269.1, 269.1–239.1, 283.1–239.1, and 253.1–225.1, respectively. Other ion pairs ([M-H]--[Q3]-) were used for qualitative and quantitative analysis. These were 405.1–225, 269.1–225.1, 431.1–25.1, 269.1–211, 269.1–225.1, and 253.1–182, respectively [Table 1]. | Figure 1: The multiple reaction monitoring chromatograph of standard anthraquinones and IS in blank plasma and sample plasma (A: Blank plasma, B: Blank plasma and IS, C: Sample, D: QC sample,). The peak number in D 1: TSG, 2: Emodin-8-o-β-D-glucoside, 3: Aloe-emodin, 4: Rhein, 5: IS, 6: Emodin,7: Chrysophanol
Click here to view |
 | Table 1: Ion pairs for multiple reaction monitoring scanning and turbo spray source for monitoring anthraquinones and the internal standard
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Method validation
Calibration curves
Calibration curves were constructed by plotting the peak area ratio of the analyte to the IS against the nominal concentration of the analyte. Calibration curve parameters and limits of detection for AQs are shown in [Table 2]. The correlation coefficient r2 was 0.9985 for TSG, 0.9812 for emodin, 0.9995 for emodin-8-O-β-D-Glu, 0.9993 for aloe-emodin, 0.9910 for rhein, 0.9812 for emodin, and 0.9952 for chrysophanol. These data showed that all AQs exhibited relatively good linearity (r2 > 0.99). | Table 2: Calibration curve parameters and limits of detection for anthraquinones
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Recovery, precision, and stability
Recovery, determined from six replicates at three different concentration levels, was 87.16%–118.81% [Table 3] and within the acceptable range of values. The precision of the proposed method was assessed based on repeatability (intraday analysis, n = 3) and intermediate precision (interday analysis, n = 6) for the standards. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) for the six compounds did not exceed 19%, indicating a good level of reproducibility. Sample stability was assessed based on short-term and freeze-thaw stability. The six AQs were stable under both conditions. The RSDs were 2.17%–13.23% and 7.67%–35.85% [Table 3] for short-term and freeze-term conditions, respectively. These findings indicate that the sample solutions were stable under both freezing and warm conditions for a relatively long time (24 h). | Table 3: Mean extraction recovery and matrix effect of anthraquinones (mean±standard deviation, percentage), intra- and inter-precision, stability (short-term and freeze-thaw) of tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside, emidin-8-O-β-D-glu, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol of the Heshouwu extract
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Application to pharmacokinetic studies
The optimized UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study measuring AQs in SD rat plasma following oral administration of high and low doses of RPM. In our study, three AQ compounds were detected after oral administration of the RPM extract. These included TSG, emodin, and emodin-8-O-β-D-Glu. We found that these three AQ compounds were rapidly absorbed in SD rat plasma as Tmax was reached after no longer than 2.46 h for any of the three compounds [Table 4]. On the other hand, AQs were no longer detectable at 3 h after oral administration, suggesting that the compound is rapidly eliminated from SD rat plasma. The mean AUC(0-∞) values did not exceed 12.35 ng/mL · h, indicating that AQ compounds have relatively low bioavailability. | Table 4: Mean pharmacokinetic parameters of anthraquinones after oral administration of radix polygoni multiflori (mean±standard deviation, n=8)
Click here to view |
Our comparison of high and low doses of RPM extract revealed that the metabolic parameters of TSG administered at both doses were very similar. This finding indicates that TSG may become saturated even at a low dosage. With regard to emodin and emodin-8-O-β-D-Glu, the high dosage produced higher Cmax and AUC values that the low dosage. According to previous reports, in clinical contexts, large dosages of RPM can damage the liver, but such damage occurs randomly among individuals. Our results suggest that there may be multiple components of Chinese herbal medicine that can affect absorption and utilization.
Hydroxylated metabolic pathway of anthraquinones in liver microsomes
To elucidate the absolute structure and metabolic labile sites of AQ in HLM, MLM, RLM, and DLM, monohydroxylated metabolites of AQ were biosynthesized and characterized using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF. No rhein metabolites were detected in any of the microsomes. This finding validates the theory that if the compound contains β-COOH, constitution may influence hydroxylation. Of greater importance, the major products biotransformed by this strain were characterized using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF. These were found to have identical retention times, UV spectra, and mass spectra to those of metabolites formed during incubation in the various liver microsomes. In addition, the substituent of the parent ring significantly impacted the hydroxylation reaction. Activity decreased greatly in the presence of β-COOH and increased dramatically in the presence of β-OH. Thus, the positional preference for hydroxylation of AQs follows this descending order: β-OH > β-CH2 OH > β-COOH [Figure 2]. The β-OH oxidation pathway prevailed in the same way among liver microsomes from the different species. This finding indicates that the hydroxylated metabolic pathway of AQs in liver microsomes may have no relation to the species. | Figure 2: Pathway for oxidation of β-CH3 among anthraquinone compounds.
Click here to view |
Glucuronidation metabolic pathway in liver microsomes
Glucuronidation, another metabolism reaction, was catalyzed using UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, which are generally highly expressed in liver microsomes. The glucuronidation of six AQs in microsomes from rats, mice, humans, and dogs was characterized in vitro. The glucuronidation activity of each AQ was not only decided by the kind of substrate but was also related to the number of hydroxyl groups on the substrate.
Emodin and aloe-emodin have three different kinds of metabolites. The presence of emodin-8-O-β-D-Glu, although low, was supported by the observation that its monoglucuronide formed in the four microsomes. In the present study, β-alcoholic OH (aloe-emodin) glucuronidation only occurred at an −OH group. We observed slight regioselectivity of the AQs in glucuronidation at -OH, and in particular at C-8-OH, in the presence of β-CH3(chrysophanol), and β-OCH3 and β-CH3(physcion) substituents.
Previous studies have shown that it is difficult to address the influence of β-COOH (rhein) on the regioselectivity of the glucuronidation of AQs. Similarly, in the present study, no metabolites were detected, perhaps because of the structures that were formed by glucuronidation. It is worth noting that in addition to substrate structure, there were also differences between species and contributions to species' differences in the glucuronidation of AQ observed in the microsome-based assay in vivo.
AQs were not only metabolized in different ways and through different pathways but were also transformed into different metabolites. There were qualitative and quantitative differences in metabolism between emodin-8-O-β-D-Glu and rhein compounds. Our results revealed that emodin-8-O-β-D-Glu had two hydroxylated compounds in DLM and only one monohydroxylated compound in RLM, MLM, and HLM. Physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside was only detected in metabolites in the HLM system, while no compound was detected in the other three systems. The other five AQs had no disparate variability between species.
| Discussion and Conclusion | | |
We used UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS to quantitatively analyze AQ compounds in vivo after oral administration of P. multiflorum in rats. The concentration ratio of each AQ in P. multiflorum was different in vitro compared to that in vivo. Thus, it can be concluded that in RPM, AQs may not be transferred in vitro.
In this study, we combined in vivo bioavailability analysis and in vitro liver microsome metabolism analysis to investigate six AQ compounds. The different compounds had characteristic absorption and elimination rates. The structure of rhein, aloe-emodin, and chrysophanol differed, with varying substitutions at β-positions (C-3). They were substituted with–COOH,–CH2 OH, and–CH3, respectively. We found that chrysophanol could be oxidized to aloe-emodin and that aloe-emodin could be oxidized to rhein in vivo. These findings suggest that rhein may be transformed by chrysophanol and aloe-emodin through phase I metabolism. The putative conclusion from the bioavailability analysis was also validated through investigations involving liver microsomes.
Metabolism pathways leading to specific compounds may be deduced by the metabolic differences between the different species. There has not yet been detailed analysis and comparison of a number of liver microsomes. We identified two pathways, glucuronidation and hydroxylation, involved in the metabolism of AQ in RLM, whereas species-specific deacetylation of AQ has previously been well characterized as an important metabolic pathway.
A large amount of rhein was detected in vivo. In order to explore the metabolic pathways, we employed liver microsome incubation to analyze metabolites in vitro. We found that rhein had no corresponding metabolites, and the substance was absorbed and eliminated as the parent compound. This result is consistent with those of previous studies, which have found that rhein is metabolized in the kidney unchanged. We also found evidence that aloe-emodin and chrysophanol can be transformed into rhein by oxidase during phase I metabolism.
| Conclusion | | |
The absorption of different anthrquinone compounds varied based on the compound structure, the metabolism types and products of anthraquinones in liver microsomes were different in different species. These findings provide vital information for a deeper understanding of the metabolism of AQs.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful for financial support from the Major Scientific and Technological Special Project for ''Significant New Drugs Creation'' (No. 2014ZX09304307).
Financial support and sponsorship
We are grateful for financial support from the Major Scientific and Technological Special Project for ''Significant New Drugs Creation'' (No. 2014ZX09304307).
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]
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