|
| |
 |
|
| RESEARCH ON TCM THEORY |
|
| Year : 2016 | Volume
: 2
| Issue : 4 | Page : 38-48 |
|
Tonifying Shen-Yin and -Yang principles in treating osteoporosis: All roads lead to Rome
Wei Gou1, Nan-Mei Liu1, Cheng-Long Wang2, Hui-Ling Wang1, Shi Lu1, Dong-Feng Zhao2, Xiu-Zhi Yu1
1 Department of Dialysis, the 455th Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China; Department of Nephrology, the 455th Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, Shanghai, 200052, China
2 Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| Date of Submission | 06-Aug-2016 |
| Date of Acceptance | 08-Dec-2016 |
| Date of Web Publication | 10-Sep-2020 |
Correspondence Address:
Xiu-Zhi Yu
Room 306, Inpatient Department, Department of Dialysis, The 455th Hospital of People's Liberation Army of China, 338 West Huaihai Road, Shanghai, 200052
China
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | 9 |
DOI: 10.15806/j.issn.2311-8571.2016.0031
Tonifying Shen strategy works as an important alternative and complementary method that is widely used to treat osteoporosis in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) based on the proper identification of Zheng. Shen deficiency Zheng is one of the main types of osteoporosis while Shen-Yin and -Yang deficiencies represent two basic principles/types of Shen deficiency. Currently, Tonifying Shen strategy, in particular, the Tonifying Shen-Yin and -Yang principles, has been demonstrated to exert osteoprotective effects. However, the mechanisms by which Tonifying Shen strategy and/or Tonifying Shen-Yin and -Yang principles function in treating osteoporosis are still not clearly understood. Here we first briefly explore current understanding of Tonifying Shen strategy, such as Tonifying Shen prescriptions, herbs, and effective components, in treating osteoporosis. Furthermore, the mechanism of Tonifying Shen-Yang principle in treating osteoporosis is reviewed from the clinic experience, animal, and mechanistic investigation. Moreover, the mechanisms by which Tonifying Shen-Yin principle in treating osteoporosis are established. Finally, we compare the similarity and difference between Tonifying Shen-Yang and -Yin principles in treating osteoporosis. Our findings indicate that both principles exert bone-protective effects in treating osteoporosis by simultaneously stimulating the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblast and the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) into osteoclast. However, Tonifying Shen-Yin principle is in favor of increasing bone mineral density (BMD) while Tonifying Shen-Yang principle is in favor of osteoporosis-related syndromes. Our findings indicate that Tonifying Shen-Yin and -Yang principles not only share some similarity but also obtain some difference in treating osteoporosis.
Abbreviations: 1.25(OH) D3: 1, 25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3; ALP: Alkaline phosphates; Beta 2-MG: Beta 2-microglobulin; BGP: Bone gla protein; BGSSC: Bugushengsui capsule; BMD: Bone mineral density; BMP: Bone morphogetic protein; BSA: Bone sialoprotein; BSF: Bushenfang; BSJG: Bushenjiangufang; BSSF: Bushenshenggufang; BSYG: Bushengyanggupian; BGSSC: Bugushengsuipian; Col-1: Collagen type I; CORT: Corticosterone; DM: Dexamethasone; DRG: Dried root of Rehmanniaglutinosa; FLL: Fructus Ligustri Lucidi, one effective ingredient form herb; GLP: Gulin Pill; HSC: Hemateopoeitic stem cell; IGF-1: Insulin-likefactor-1; IKSBC: Bushenjiangujiaonang; IL-1,6,7: Interleukin (IL)-1,6,7; LPS: Lipopo lysaccharide; LWDHP: Liuweidihuangpills; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; M-CSF: Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; NEIC: Neuron-Endocrine-Immune-Circulation; NFATc1: Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1; OA: Oleanolic acid; OCN: Osteocalcin; OVX: Ovariectomized; OPG: Osteoprotegerin; PLCy2: Phospholipase Cy2; PTH: Parathyroid hormone; RANK: Receptor activator of NF-KB; RANKL: Receptor activator of NF-kB ligand; Runx 2: Runt-related transcription factor 2; TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine; TKEBP: Bushenqianggufang; TKSB: Bushengzhuanggupian; TKYDP: Bushenwenyangfang; TKYR: Bushengyangfang; LWDHP: Liuweidihuang pills; TNF-a: Tumor necrosis factor a; TRAP: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphate; YGP: Yougui Pill; ZGP: Zuogui Pill.
Keywords: Osteoporosis, Shen-Yin and -Yang Deficiency, Tonifying Shen-Yin and -Yang, Osteoclast, Osteoblast
How to cite this article:
Gou W, Liu NM, Wang CL, Wang HL, Lu S, Zhao DF, Yu XZ. Tonifying Shen-Yin and -Yang principles in treating osteoporosis: All roads lead to Rome. World J Tradit Chin Med 2016;2:38-48 |
How to cite this URL:
Gou W, Liu NM, Wang CL, Wang HL, Lu S, Zhao DF, Yu XZ. Tonifying Shen-Yin and -Yang principles in treating osteoporosis: All roads lead to Rome. World J Tradit Chin Med [serial online] 2016 [cited 2023 Dec 1];2:38-48. Available from: https://www.wjtcm.net/text.asp?2016/2/4/38/294716 |
| Introduction | |  |
Tonifying Shen (Including the functions of anatomic Kidney and partially the function of neuro-endocrino-immune- circulation (NEIC) system) strategy works as an important alternative and complementary method that is widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) based on the proper identification of Zheng. Zheng is the summarization of the complexes pathological syndromes that occur during the different stages of disease(s), and both the pathogenic and healthy factors are included[1]. The correct identification of Zheng is the requirement for clinical physicians to perform proper treatments. Shen deficiency Zheng is a basic pathological identification for osteoporosis according to TCM theory which holds the idea that the deficiency of Shen always leading to deteriorated bone structure and function[2],[3]. Therefore, Tonifying Shen strategy is intensively used in the management of osteoporosis. Furthermore, Shen deficiency Zheng can be divided into Shen-Yin and Shen-Yang deficiency Zheng bases on osteoporosis-induced symptoms. Briefly, patients with flaccid waist and knees, dysphoria with smothery sensation, and night sweat are regarded as Shen-Yin deficiency Zheng and are treated with Tonifying Shen-Yin principle. Patients with weak waist and knees, feeling of chilliness, and frequent micturition can be considered as the Shen-Yang deficiency Zheng and are treated with Tonifying Shen-Yang principle[4]. Therefore, Tonifying Shen strategy is divided into Tonifying Shen-Yin and -Yang principles. Currently, many prescriptions are constructed to treat osteoporosis based on the exact identification of Shen-Yang and -Yin deficiency Zheng in TCM.
Osteoporosis is one bone disturbance that is characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and deteriorated bone structure[5]. In osteoporosis, the balanced bone remodeling processes are disturbed by osteoclast-dominated bone resorption that overpasses osteoblast-dominated bone formation[6],[7]. Osteoporosis always leading to the impairment of vital skeletal functions: (a) providing support and site for the muscle to maintain the movement, (b) protecting organs such as bone marrow and brain, and (c) acting as one metabolic organ that regulates the homeostasis of minerals and hormones[6]. Therefore, patients who are diagnosed with osteoporosis often suffer from skeleton pains, limitation of movement, soreness of joints, weakness of the waist and knees and so on[8]. According to the theory of TCM, osteoporosis-induced syndromes can be regarded as the Shen-Yin or Shen-Yang deficiency Zheng[4] [Figure 1]. However, the mechanism by which Tonifying Shen strategy, particular two principles of Shen-Yang and Shen-Yin principles, exerts bone-protective effects in regulating bone remodeling are still rarely investigated. | Figure 1: Shen-Yin deficiency and Shen-Yang deficiency Zheng in osteoporosis. A. Patient who were diagnosed with osteoporosis that can be identified as the Shen-Yin deficiency Zheng. B. Patient who were diagnosed with osteoporosis that could be identified as the Shen-Yin deficiency Zheng. C. Patient who were diagnosed with osteoporosis that can be considered as both the Shen-Yin and -Yang deficiency Zheng. D. Patient who were diagnosed with osteoporosis but not regarded as the Shen-Yin or Shen-Yang deficiency Zheng in TCM.
Click here to view |
Osteoporosis reflects the imbalance of bone formation by osteoblast and bone resorption by osteoclast in favor of bone resorption[5],[7]. Therefore, drugs that inhibit osteoclast formation/ activity or stimulate osteoblast formation/activity are considered as effective methods for treating osteoporosis[9],[10],[11],[12],[13]. However, currently marketed drugs in treating osteoporosis have caused heavy economic burdens or side effects[14],[15],[16]. Tonifying Shen strategy, including Tonifying Shen-Yin or Shen-Yang principle, has been established to exert bone-protective effects as well as rescuing bone loss in osteoporosis patients and in vivo investigations[17],[18],[19]. Till now, TCM prescriptions, herbs and effective components are three mainly forms that are used in treating osteoporosis. Usually, a Tonifying Shen prescription is constituted by many Tonifying Shen herbs and the prescription often exerts more predominant effect than a single herb. Meanwhile, the effective components are extracted from herb(s), and they are very convenient to perform the molecular mechanistic investigations. All these three forms have been established to exert bone-protective effects and treat osteoporosis by the instruction of Tonifying Shen-Yin and Shen-Yang principles. However, many questions still need to be addressed: 1) the exact molecular mechanism of Tonifying-Shen strategy in treating osteoporosis is still not fully understood. 2) Underlying mechanism processes of Tonifying Shen-Yin or Shen-Yang principles in treating osteoporosis are still obscure. 3) Tonifying Shen-Yin or Shen-Yang principles do exert bone-protective effects. However, what is the similarity and difference between Tonifying Shen-Yin and Shen-Yang? Therefore, it is necessary to address these important issues in search of better strategies for treating osteoporosis.
In this paper, we select the typical Tonifying Shen prescriptions (herbs, effective components) which play bone- protective to address the following points: 1) first explore the bone-protective effects and molecular mechanisms of Tonify- ing Shen strategy, particular their effects in regulating the differentiation of MSCs into osteoblasts, and the differentiation of HSCs into osteoclast. 2) we further explore the bone- protective effects and molecular mechanisms of Tonifying Shen-Yang and -Yin principles in treating osteoporosis are systematically analyzed. 3) we explore the similarities between Tonifying Shen-Yang and -Yin principles in treating osteoporosis are identified. 4) more important, the difference between Tonifying Shen-Yin and Shen-Yang principles in treating osteoporosis are established.
We hope that this paper will not only help gain new insights into Tonifying Shen-Yin or Shen-Yang in treating osteoporosis, but also broaden our strategies in the treatment of osteoporosis. In addition, our findings will promote new drug discoveries in treating osteoporosis.
| 1 Tonifying Shen Strategy in Treating Osteoporosis | | |
1.1 Clinical investigations
In the late 1980s, clinical studies observed the bone-protective effects of Tonifying-Shen prescriptions and herbs in treating patients who were diagnosed with osteoporosis[18],[19],[20]. One clinical investigation reported that Bushenfang (BSF, the ingredients are seen in the Table1/2) in TCM both improved osteoporosis-induced symptoms and delayed the developing process of osteoporosis[18]. Furthermore, one subsequent study found that Tonifying Shen prescription named Bushenjiangu- fang (BSJG, [Table 1]&[Table 2]) capsule might alleviate bone loss and symptoms in postmenopausal osteoporosis[19]. This study found that the syndromes in nearly 90% osteoporosis patients (Totally 51 cases) treated with BSJG capsule for 3 months were improved in comparison with calcium group (P<0.05). Moreover, BMD of the lumbar vertebra in 68.8% patients was largely increased in contrast to calcium supplementation after the treatment for 6 months. Mechanistic findings indicated that the increased bone formation and depressed bone absorption were attributed to bone-protective effect[19]. In addition, one clinical study with 52 osteoporosis patients was performed to investigate the bone-protective effects of Bush- enqianggufang (TKEBP, [Table 1]&[Table 2]). After the treatment for 3 months, patients treated with TKEBP showed significant higher levels of blood alkaline phosphates (ALP), beta 2- microglobulin (beta 2-MG) level, urinary beta 2-MG, calcium and phosphorus. Moreover, the symptoms of lumbar dorsal pain, general fatigue, palpitation and vertigo were improved after the treatment[20]. Taken together, these studies established that Tonifying Shen strategy is effective in preventing bone loss and alleviating osteoporosis-induced symptoms.
From then on, series of studies were carried out with larger numbers of patients, and more representative bone biological markers in osteoporosis[21],[22]. These studies confirmed that Tonifying Shen prescriptions/herbs administration significantly increased BMD and relieved the symptoms in treating osteopo- rosis[21]. Mechanistically, one study indicates the expressions of bone gla protein (BGP), pyridinoline, estradiol, testosterone, and blood urea nitrogen were greatly increased after the treatment with Bushenshenggufang (BSSF, table1/2)[22]. Moreover, one Five-year-follow-up study observed the long-term bone-protective effects with BSSF[23]. 194 patients participated, and the results showed that BSSF greatly increased BMD from baseline (0.211 ± 0.022 g/cm) at the end of (5 year) the study (0.284 ± 0.015 g/cm), whereas the control group decreased significantly from baseline (0.212 ± 0.023 g/cm) to one higher level (0.187 ± 0.022 g/cm).
| 1.2 Mechanism of Tonifying-Shen strategy in treating osteoporosis | | |
The coupling mechanism in bone remodeling between the osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption ensures no net changes of bone mass and bone strengthen. Osteoblasts are differentiated from MSCs by the stimulation of necessary cytokines, and the functions of osteoblast determine the ratio of new bone formation[6]. Osteoclasts are differentiated from HSCs through the stimulation of macrophage colony Stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-kB ligand (RANKL)[7]. In pathological conditions, the over-activated osteoclast causes more bone resorption than overpass bone formation, leading to the occurrence of osteoporosis[5]. Many pathological factors contribute to the occurrence of osteoporosis by causing the imbalance the formation/activity of osteoblast and osteoclast. Till now, Tonifying-Shen strategy, including prescriptions/ herbs/effective components, has been proved to exert bone- protective effects through many aspects in affecting bone biology.
1.2.1 Bone mineral homeostasis
In the 1940/50s, scientists have realized that normal bone is composed of different crystal minerals[24] and two most of them are calcium and phosphorus. Subsequent investigations indicated that nearly 99% calcium and 84% phosphorus are deposited as crystals in bone. Therefore, calcium and phosphorus are two critical minerals in determining bone structure and functions[25],[26],[27]. The regulatory effects of Tonifying Shen strategy in treating osteoporosis by regulating minerals homeostasis were investigated later on.
One in vivo study evaluated the bone-protective effect of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi (FLL), a Tonifying Shen-Yin herb, in ovariectomized (OVX) rat. The result showed that FLL could reverse the OVX-induced bone loss and increase BMD. Particularly, FLL intervention alleviated OVX-induced calcium loss in rats by increasing intestinal calcium absorption and suppressing urinary Ca2+ excretion. Further mechanistic investigations established that FLL could modulate bone remodeling by affecting calcium homeostasis in OVX rat[28]. Subsequently studies with one Tonifying Shen prescription named Bushenjiangujiaonang (IKSBC, [Table 1]&[Table 2]) showed that IKSBC attenuated bone loss in OVX-induced osteoporosis rats. The concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in serum from OVX rat was increased after treatment with IKSBC. Meanwhile, the expression of ALP was increased, and the trabecular bone volume was significantly increased in contrast to the pretreatment[29]. Therefore, the bone-protective effect of Tonifying Shen strategy may partly be due to their regulatory effects on the homeostasis of calcium and phosphorus [Figure 2]A&[Figure 2]B. | Figure 2: (A) Mechanism of Tonifiying Shen strategy in regulating osteoblastogenesis. During normal osteoblastogenesis, Tonifiying Shen strategy, including Tonifiying Shen prescription, herbs, effective components, stimulates the expression of estrogen signaling, Wnt/β-catenin, Vitamin D, Notch, and BMPs to stimulate osteoclastogenesis. Meanwhile, they play bidirectional effects on osteoprotegerin (OPG) and regulating osteoblastogenesis. In addition, they also regulated the transportation of calcium and phosphors that necessary for normal osteoblastogenesis. (B) Mechanism of Tonifiying Shen strategy in controlling osteoclastogenesis. During osteoclastogenesis, Tonifying Shen strategy, including Tonifiying Shen prescriptions, herbs, effective components, stimulate the expression of estrogen signaling down-regulated interlunkin-1, 6, 7, TNFs and RANKL, osteoclastogenesis and the transportation of calcium and phosphors
Click here to view |
1.2.2 RANKL/RANK/OPG axis
RANKL/RANK/OPG (Osteoprotegerin) axis was discovered in the late 1990s, and has been shown to play a critical role in coordinating bone remodeling. Both osteoblast and osteoclast are regulated by this axis[30],[31],[32], and studies have shown that Tonifying Shen strategy may regulate bone remodeling by affecting RANKL/RANK/OPG axis. One Tonifying Shen prescription, Gulin Pill (GLP), has been indicated exerting bone-protective effects by stimulating osteoblast differentiation in MG-63 cells. The mechanistic investigation indicated that GLP treatment significantly promotes the proliferation and differentiation of MG-63 cells by stimulating the expression of OPG, and down-regulating the expression of RANKL at the protein and mRNA levels. Furthermore, GLP-treated serum suppressed the RANKL-activated expression of p38, one important signaling molecule for osteoclast differentiation. This finding indicates that GLP may effectively promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts by regulating the RANK/RANKL/OPG ratio and the expression of p38 [Figure 2]A&[Figure 2]B[17]. RANKL plays critical roles in regulating osteoclast differentiation and function, we therefore propose that the suppressed bone resorption may contribute to the bone-protective effects of Tonifying Shen strategy in treating osteoporosis[33].
1.2.3 Estrogen signaling
The decreased level of estrogen causes enhanced osteoclast- induced bone resorption by increasing the production cyto- kines that are necessary for osteoclast formation and/or activity, such as interleukin (IL)-1, 6, 7, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a) and RANKL[34],[35],[36],[37]. Therefore, estrogen deficiency is a major pathologic factor in bone loss after menopause. One previous study identified the bone-protective effects of the prescription named Bushengzhuanggupian (TKSB, [Table 1]&[Table 2]) in the OVX- induced (Lower level of estrogen model) rats. As the results showed, the activity of tartrate-resistant acid phosphate (TRAP) was remarkably suppressed after the intervention with TKSB. Meanwhile, TRAP activity in higher and lower dosage of TKSB were both decreased[38]. This study indicated that TKSB may exert the estrogen-like effect on bone biology [Figure 2]B&[Figure 2]C[39]. Furthermore, studies have shown that estrogen deprivation may be one of the potential factor to induce the Shen-Yin deficiency Zheng model in TCM[40], which may be one future direction for further investigations [Figure 2]A&[Figure 2]B.
1.2.4 Wnt/fi-catenin/ BMP signaling
Wnt/p-catenin and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) works cooperatively to promote osteoblast differentiations of MSCs[41],[42] by activating series of osteoblast differentiation markers. The intervention of osthole, a coumarin-like derivative extracted from one Tonifying Shen herb, was found to be able to increase new bone formation in OVX-induced bone loss in rats. In vitro studies demonstrated that osthole activate the expression of Wnt/p-catenin and BMP-2 to enhance new bone formation[43]. Moreover, osthole exerted the stimulatory effect on promoting osteoblast differentiation through activating Wnt/p-catenin and BMP signaling. This finding indicates that osthole may be one potential to stimulate new bone formation to prevent estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss [Figure 2]A&[Figure 2]B.
Psoralen, one effective component from Tonifying-Shen herb, was found to promote osteoblast differentiation by up- regulating the expressions of osteoblast-specific genes, including type I collagen (Col-1), osteocalcin (OCN), bone sialoprotein (BSA). One further study indicated that psoralen stimulates the expression of BMP-2 and BMP-4, and increase the level of phospho-Smad1/5/8 as well as the expression of osterix.[44]
1.2.5 Notch signaling
Notch signaling is necessary for the differentiation of osteoblasts by working together with BMP, and Wnt[45], and is considered as one important factor for osteoblast differentiation in MSCs[45],[46]. Oleanolic acid (OA) and its glycosides have been reported to prevent bone loss in OVX-induced mice according to Micro-CT assessment. Subsequently, one animal investigation indicated that OA-treated (10mg/kg/day, ip.) mice displayed increased osteoblast numbers, higher expression of OCN and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Furthermore, in vitro studies indicated that OA exerts an osteoprotective effect in OVX-induced osteoporotic mice by enhancing osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs. Molecular investigations indicated that this effect was due to their regulatory effect on Notch signaling [Figure 2]A&[Figure 2]B[49].
1.2.6 Vitamin D3
Vitamin D3 and its active ingredients supplementation, 1, 25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3 (1, 25(OH) D3), have been reported to play critical roles in determining the bone formation and structure[48]. One animal study discovered that the level of 1, 25(OH) D3 in blood serum, liver and Kidney was significantly elevated after the treatment of Bushengyanggupian (BSYG, [Table 1]&[Table 2]) in OVX-induced osteoporotic rats. Meanwhile, BSYG-treated group rats showed an increase of BMD in femoral heads compared with saline control. Moreover, bone maximal load and stress index was improved after the intervention of BSYG[49]. These studies indicate that Tonify- ing Shen prescriptions/herbs might stimulate bone formation through up-regulating the level of 1, 25(OH) 2D3 [Figure 2]A&[Figure 2]B.
1.3 Tonifying Shen strategy in regulating homeostasis
Therefore, Tonifying Shen strategy, including the applications of Tonifying Shen prescriptions, herbs and effective components, exerts bone-protective effects in osteoporosis by affecting bone formation and resorption. At the cellular level, they exert bone-protective effects by promoting MSCs into osteoblast and bone formation [Figure 3]. Meanwhile, Tonifying Shen strategy may also promote MSCs into more osteoblasts instead of adipocytes[47]. On the other hand, Tonifying Shen strategy has been established to exert inhibitory effect on HSCs-originated osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption[50]. Next, further studies have been performed to investigate the underlying processes of how these two principles in Tonifying Shen strategy, Tonifying Shen-Yin and -Yang, in treating osteoporosis. | Figure 3: One schematic illustration of Tonifying Shen strategy in regulating bone homeostasis. Tonifying Shen strategy, including prescriptions, herbs, effective components, stimulates the mensenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into osteoblast. B. Tonifying Shen strategy, suppress the MSCs into adipocytes. C. Tonifying Shen strategy suppress hemateopoeitic stem cell (HSCs) into osteoclast.
Click here to view |
| 2 Tonifying Shen-Yang Principles in Treating Osteoporosis | | |
2.1 Clinical Studies
More than 20 years ago, Tonifying Shen-Yang principle has been selected in the management of osteoporosis with Shen-Yang deficiency Zheng in TCM to investigate the bone-protective effect and the mechanisms[51]. One Tonifying Shen-Yang prescription, Bugushengsui capsule (BGSSC), was investigated in treating primary osteoporosis. The clinical effects in patients treated with BGSSC were significantly higher than control (Vitamin D plus calcium). Moreover, BGSSC intervention improved BMD according to the test with double energy X-ray as well as increasing the level of serum calcitonin, hormone and calcium. This clinical finding indicates that the bone-protective effects of BGSSC on primary osteoporosis including the improvement of BMD, and suppressed effect on bone resorption. Moreover, one randomized, double- blind, multicenter, and placebo-controlled study revealed that Tonifying Shen-Yang prescription, Yougui Pill (YGP, [Table 1]&[Table 2]), may largely relieve the syndromes in patients with osteoporosis. Moreover, a total of 200 patients, aged from 55-75, diagnosed with lower BMD were enrolled. Moreover, YGP may significantly relieve the osteoporosis related syndromes, such as weak waist/knee, and extreme chilliness[4].
2.2 Mechanism of Tonifying Shen-Yang principle in treating osteoporosis
Animal models with Shen-Yang deficiency Zheng and osteoporosis phenotype were successfully investigated by the usage of the high dose of corticosteroids (CORT) in vivo (52). Shen-Yang deficiency zheng with osteoporosis was treated with Tonifying Shen-Yang herbs, effective component from Tonifying Shen-Yang prescription or herbs to assess their bone-protective effect. Icariin is an active component from Herbal Epimedium, one Tonifying Shen-Yang herb in TCM. One investigation induced osteoporosis rats by CORT injection and OVX, and both were treated with icariin for 2 weeks and 3 months. This result indicated that icariin may promote MSC differentiation from CORT and OVX-induced rat by stimulating the secretion of OCN, Col-1, and Runx2.
Meanwhile, gene profiles screen revealed a significant shift of osteoblast-related gene expression after the intervention of icariin, which were more significance in CORT-treated rat[53]. Dexamethasone (DM) was always used to induce Shen-Yang deficiency Zheng model in animals. One study investigated the efficacy of Bushengyangfang (TKYR, [Table 1]&[Table 2]) in osteo- porotic rats with DM injection. In TKYR treated group, the BMD, femur bending strength, serum-BGP, serum-PTH and serum-E2 in the TKYR-treated group were significantly higher than DM-treated group (P<0.01). Meanwhile, compared with DM group, the levels of serum-T in TKYR prevention or TKYR treatment group were significant increased (P<0.05)[54]. One investigation established the underlying mechanism of the Bushenwenyangfang (TKYDP, [Table 1]&[Table 2]) in regulating osteoblast formation/activity. Human osteoblastic cell line (hFOB 1.19) was treated with 10% TKYDP administrated pattern-serum from postmenopausal women (30 cases, aged 60-70). The cell viability, expression of ALP and numbers of calcified nodules in TKYDP treated- serum were remarkably increased in hFOB1.19 cells as well as decreasing the expression of RANKL. In addition, the concentration of estradiol (E2), and insulin-like factor-1 (IGF- 1) in the TKYDP treated-serum was higher in patients than calcium control. Therefore, these findings indicate that the down-regulation of estradiol E2, IGF-1, RANKL in TKYD- treated serum may contribute to the increased bone formation as well as decreasing bone resorption in patients[55].
Osthole is one effective component from Fructus Cnidii, a traditional herb of Tonifying Shen-Yang [Table 3]. One investigation indicated that osthole could promote the activity of ALP and the formation of bone nodules by enhancing osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation[56]. Moreover, osthole intervention can greatly prevent OVX caused bone loss in rats by improving bone micro architecture. Further molecular assays demostrated that osthole activated the expression of Wnt/p-catenin and BMP-2[43]. On the other hand, following studies indicated that osthole inhibited osteo- clast formation and bone resorption pits on bone slices. Further mechanistic studies indicated that osthole inhibited the activity of osteoclast and bone resorption through suppressing the RANKL/TRAF6/Mkk/JNK signaling cascade[57].
In addition, one study found that icariin dose-dependently inhibited the growth and differentiation of HSCs, and less TRAP positive cells formation were observed in icariin-treated group. Meanwhile, bone resorbed pits formation was also dramatically decreased than saline control. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the gene expression of TRAP and RANK was greatly down-regulated in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs)[50],[58]. Moreover, the study found that icariin reduced the size of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced osteoclast formation, and the expression of TRAP. On the other hand, icariin inhibited ALP activity without inhibiting cell viability. Meanwhile, icariin also inhibited LPS-induced bone resorption and the expression of IL-6 and TNF-a in BMMs. Gene expression of OPG was up-regulated, and the expression of RANKL was suppressed. Mechanistic findings indicated that icariin inhibited LPS-induced osteoclast formation by suppressing the expression of p38 and JNK[43]. Later on, one study finding indicated that bone loss was attenuated by the treatment with icariin in OVX-induced osteoporotic rats[59]. In addition, icariin intervention could completely correct the decreased serum concentration of calcium, and phosphorus in OVX rats, and biomechanical strength in icariin treated rats was also largely enhanced in comparison to sham Moreover, icariin intervention could stimulate new bone formation in OPG knockout mice after local injection in calvarias, and reversed OPG Knockout-induced bone loss. Mechanistic assessments indicated that icariin up-regulated the expression of BMP-2, BMP-4, Runx2, OC, Wnt1, and Wnt3a in OPG Knockout mice. Furthermore, icariin intervention increased the expression of Axin2, DKK1, TCF1, and LEF1, which are the direct targeted genes of p-catenin signaling pathway. These findings indicated that icariin reversed the phenotypes of OPG- deficient mice through enhancing the activation of Wnt/p- catenin or BMP signaling[60]. In vitro assays found that icariin promoted MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization by enhancing the expression of ALP, Col-I, and bone nodule formation. Molecular investigations indicated that the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) - activated signaling, such as ERK and JNK, contributed to the stimulatory effect of icariin on osteoblastogenesis[61]. DM has been routinely used as a classical inducer for osteoblastogen- esis but one investigation indicated that icariin intervention stimulate one higher expression of ALP activity, OCN secretion, larger mineralized nodules, and calcium deposition, higher levels of mRNA expression of osterix, Runx2, and Col- 1a in contrast to the DM-treated group[62].
| 3 Tonifying Shen-Yin Principles in Treating Osteoporosis | | |
3.1 Clinical Studies
One clinical study indicated that the administrations of ZGP, one famous Tonifying Shen-Yin prescription, did not significantly relieve the symptoms of Shen-Yin deficiency Zheng in patients who were diagnosed with osteoporosis. However, the results indicated that ZGP intervention remarkably improved BMD at lumbar spine than placebo after the treatment for 6 months. Moreover, BMD in the lumbar spine of ZGP group was increased by 4.1% and 4.7% after another 6 months follow-up study[4]. Another clinical investigation found that FLL could alleviate bone loss in osteoporosis patients.
Subsequently, one study indicated that FLL enhanced BMD and mechanical properties in growing male rats[63]. Mechanistic data demonstrated that FLL could alter bone turnover by increasing bone formation biomarkers, such as the expression of OCN and CTX-I, and both calcium absorption and retention rates were elevated after FLL treatment. Mechanistic studies indicated that the expression of 1a-hydroxylase, duodenum, and calcium absorption-related genes were increased to activate the 1, 25(OH) 2D3-dependent calcium transportation in stimulating bone formation.
Dried root of rehmanniaglutinosa (DRG) is a Tonifying Shen-Yin herb in TCM for the treatment of osteoporosis. One study indicated that treatment with DRG caused the decrease of BMD in the femur and lumbar in OVX-induced bone loss in mice without affecting the body, organs, and uterus weights. Further mechanistic investigation indicates that serum ALP level in the DRG-treated group was increased. This study indicated that DRG is able to prevent the OVX-induced bone loss in influencing the level hormones, such as estrogen[64].
3.2 Mechanism of Tonifying Shen-Yin principle in treating osteoporosis
The Shen-Yin deficiency Zheng with osteoporosis animal models were successfully established by steroid intervention, such as estrogen deprivation[65]. Compared with control group, mice with Shen-Yin deficiency (Estrogen deprivation) group appeared series of symptoms, including hair dry, restlessness, excitability and hard stool. This Shen-Yin deficiency Zheng model is stable and reliable for the integration of disease and syndrome in TCM[65]. Molecular studies have shown that the level of ACTH, cAMP, cGMP and TSH in serum was greatly decreased in this Shen-Yin deficiency Zheng model. Meanwhile, BMD of lumbar vertebra and femur was decreased according to HE staining. However, Liuweidihuang pills (LWDHP, table1&2), one famous Tonifying Shen-Yin prescription, could partly reverse the bone loss phenotype and as well as Alleviating the level of ACTH, cAMP, cGMP, and TSH.
OA, one effective component from Tonifying Shen-Yin herb [Table 3], has been established to exert bone-protective effects by inhibiting the formation of osteoclast, and bone resorptive activity of osteoclast in RAW264.7 cell line[66]. Meanwhile, OA selectively induced the apoptosis at an early stage of mature osteoclast via increasing the caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, OA intervention significantly prevented bone loss in OVX mice without any hormone-like adverse effects, and different OA derivatives may exert different effects on osteoclast[67]. One molecular investigation indicated that OA inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast formation by suppressing the phosphorylated expression of Btk and phospholipase Cy2 (PLCy2), calcium (Ca2+) oscillation, and the expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasm 1 (NFATc1). Furthermore, OA-intervention attenuated LPS-induced bone erosion based on β-CT and histological analysis in femur in vivo[68] as well as rescuing OVX-induced osteoporosis rat model via stimulating the differentiation of bone MSCs by suppressing Notch signaling[47].
Psoralen, one effective component from Tonifying Shen- Yin herb [Table 3], has been reported to exert bone-protective effects. Psoralen-treated osteoblastogenesis and ultra-structural assessment showed that the effect of psoralen on osteoblast formation ranged from negligible to unambiguous structural alterations[69]. One animal investigation indicated that there were more new bone presented after the treatment with psoralen than the normal control (4.5:1). Meanwhile, cell culture assays indicated that the osteoblast number was also predominantly increased in the psoralen-treated group[70]. Subsequently, investigations indicated that psoralen dose- dependently promoted osteoblast differentiation from primary mouse calvarias. The mechanistic assessment indicated that the stimulatory effects may be due to enhanced expressions of osteoblast-specific marker genes[44]. Interestingly, osteoblastogenesis assessment indicated that the intervention of psoralen elevated the expression of ALP in osteoporotic rats, and the formation of unit osteoblast[71].
| 4 Comparison Of Tonifying Shen-Yin and -Yang Principle in Treating Osteoporosis | | |
Current studies have established the common mechanisms of Tonifying Shen-Yin and Shen-Yang principles in treating osteoporosis, and both bone formation and bone resorption were affected. Molecular investigations have demonstrated that a variety of signaling pathways in osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis were involved in. In order to clearly address the similarity as well as the difference between these two principles, we compared the effects of Tonifying Shen- Yin and -Yang principles in treating osteoporosis as the bellowed:
- Tonifying Shen-Yin and -Yang principles both are effective methods for treating osteoporosis, such as increasing BMD, alleviating osteoporosis-induced symptoms, and modulating series of bone metabolic markers. Mechanistic studies indicated that Tonifying Shen-Yin or -Yang principle exerts stimulatory effects on enhancing osteoblast differentiation/activity and bone formation. On the other hand, both principles exert inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation/activity and bone resorption [Figure 4].
- Tonifying Shen-Yin principle exerts the favorable effect on increasing BMD by stimulating the activity of osteoblast and bone formation. Therefore, the bone- protective effect of Tonifying Shen-Yin principle exerts bone-protective effects due to their stimulatory effect on osteoblast-mediated bone formation and inhibitory effect on bone resorption (Osteoclast) in favor of the former [Figure 4].
- Tonifying Shen-Yang exerts a more remarkable effect on alleviating the osteoporosis-induced symptoms.
 | Figure 4: The comparison of Tonifying Shen-Yin and Shen-Yang principles in treating osteoporosis. Tonifying Shen-Yang and Shen-Yin both plays bone-protective effect by increasing osteoblast-determined bone formation and inhibiting osteoblast-dominated bone resorption. However, Tonifying Shen-Yin principle mainly increases bone mineral density (BMD) and prevents bone loss. Tonifying Shen-Yang mainly exerts effects on osteoclast-dominant bone resorption and relieving osteoporosis-caused symptoms.
Click here to view |
Therefore, this effect is mainly due to their preferable inhibitory effects on bone resorption (Osteoclast) and stimulatory effect on bone formation (Osteoblast) in favor of the former (Fig. 4). This finding is in consistent with results of one previous clinical investigation carried out with ZGP and YGP[4].
For this study, 200 patients who were diagnosed with osteoporosis aged from 55-75, were enrolled. All patients were treated with ZGP or YGP after the proper identification of Shen-Yin or -Yang deficiency Zheng. Patients with ShenYang deficiency Zheng were treated with YGP, while those with Shen-Yin deficiency Zheng were treated with ZGP. The result showed that YGP significantly reduced pains according to VSA and ECOS-16 questionnaire scores than placebo at 9, and 12 months. ZGP could significantly increase BMD in lumbar spine in patients. Therefore, ZGP significantly increased lumbar spine BMD, whereas YGP significantly reduced symptoms such as the severe of pain, and improved the life quality in patients[4].
| 5 Discussions | | |
Shen deficiency is the pathogenesis in osteoporosis in TCM, and Tonifying Shen strategy is the basic rule in the management of osteoporosis[8]. Currently, Tonifying Shen prescriptions/herbs are the most common agents used in treating osteoporosis in clinic practice of TCM[8],[39],[72]. One study reviewed that herbal prescriptions have been used in treating osteoporosis throughout TCM history. Totally 389 prescriptions were found, and 238 herbs were involved with a total frequency of appearance at 4236. According to the result, Tonifying Shen herbs are the most commonly used in treating osteoporosis[72]. Furthermore, the most common categories were Tonifying Shen-Yang medicinal, and nearly account for 37.8% of the total frequency. Therefore, a proper selection of Tonifying Shen-Yang and -Yin principles with proper herbs/ prescriptions is necessary for the treatment of osteoporosis in order to obtain better clinic outcomes[73]. Although both Tonifying Shen-Yin and -Yang principles are effective in treating osteoporosis, but underlying process are quite different. Our finding first implies that Tonifying Shen-Yin principle significantly increased BMD in bone. In contrast, Tonifying Shen-Yang principle largely improved osteoporosis related symptoms, and life qualities.
Bone remodeling is maintained through the coupling mechanisms between bone formation and bone resorption. Therefore, the purpose of osteoporosis treatment is to restore the balance of bone formation and bone resorption. Therefore, the coupling mechanisms between osteoblast formation/activity and osteoclast formation/activity represent two independent but united aspects in bone remodeling. Given previous investigations have proposed that osteoblast mediated-bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption should be regarded as Shen-Yin and -Yang in bone[2]. Therefore, the pathogenesis of Shen-Yin deficiency Zheng in osteoporosis is mainly accompanied by impaired osteoblast-determined bone formation, whereas Shen-Yang deficiency Zheng is mainly due to more osteoclast activated bone resorption[74]. More recent studies have proved that osteoclast activated bone resorption (Yang) are the main cause of pains in osteoporosis[75]. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of Tonifying Shen-Yang principle on osteoclasts (Bone resorption) may account for clinical effects of alleviating osteoporosis-induced pains. On the other hand, Tonifying Shen-Yin principle may increase BMD by exerting the stimulatory effect on osteoblastogenesis and bone formation (Yin).
Targeting osteoclasts and osteoblasts have long been regarded as critical strategies not only in treating osteoporosis, but also many other diseases with osteoporotic phenotypes[76],[77],[78], such as diabetes, osteoarthritis, and cancers induced bone metastasis. Both Tonifying Shen-Yang and Tonifying Shen- Yin principles have been established to suppress osteoclast- mediated bone resorption or stimulate osteoblast-activated bone formation. However, Tonifying Shen-Yang and -Yin principles exert similar but different effects in treating osteoporosis: Tonifying Shen-Yang may mainly alleviate the osteoporosis-induced symptoms, such as pains; Meanwhile, Tonifying Shen-Yin principle may mainly increase BMD. Our findings indicate that Tonifying Shen strategy, including the prescriptions, herbs and effective components with bone-protective effects, are potential resources of the new drugs discovery in treating bone osteoporotic diseases. However, their bone- protective effects may be better if based on the proper selection of Tonifying Shen-Yang or -Yin principle. Our studies partly explore the potential mechanisms of how Tonifying Shen strategy, in particular Tonifying Shen-Yang or -Yin principles, exerts bone-protective effects on osteoporosis. More importantly, we try to propose the similarity and difference of Tonifying Shen-Yang and -Yin principles in treating osteoporosis in bone remodeling.
However, some questions are still necessary to be addressed: 1) there are hundreds of Tonifying Shen-Yin and -Yang prescriptions, herbs, effective components with bone-protective effects in treating osteoporosis, it is necessary to perform more investigations to investigate their effect. 2) More effective ingredients and their derivatives with fewer side effects from Tonifying Shen-Yang and -Yin prescriptions or herbs with bone-protective effects should be extracted to perform more molecular investigations. 3) Bone homeostasis is regulated by neuron-endocrine-immune-circulation (NEIC)[79],[80],[81],[82] axis, it is necessary to investigate the exact effect of Tonifying Shen-Yang and -Yin principle on NECI axis in osteoporosis. 4) As Tonifying Shen-Yang and Shen-Yin principles exert bone- protective effects simultaneously by affecting different signaling pathways during osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, it is necessary to examine the cross-talk signaling pathways. Therefore, future research need to focus on in gaining more insights into the molecular mechanism of Tonifying Shen-Yin or -Yang principles in treating osteoporosis.
| Competing Interests | | |
All the authors state that they have no conflicts of interest or disclosure.
| Acknowledgments | | |
Research reported in this publication was supported by grants from National natural science of Youth fund (81300568), Shanghai Yangfan Program (15YF1412200), the Independent Innovation Program Supported by Science and Technology Innovation of the “085” First-class Disciplines Construction of Shanghai University of TCM (085ZY1217), and the National Natural Science foundation of major international cooperation projects (81220108027).
| References | | |
| 1. | Song YN, Zhang GB, Zhang YY, Su SB. Clinical Applications of Omics Technolog i es on ZHENG D i fferenti ati on Research i n Trad i ti onal Ch i nese Medicine. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:989618.  |
| 2. | Zhang J. Yin and yang interplay of IFN-gamma in inflammation and autoimmune disease. J Clin Invest 2007;117(4):871-873. |
| 3. | Jiang M, Zhang C, Zheng G, Guo H, Li L, Yang J, et al. Traditional chinese medicine zheng in the era of evidence-based medicine: a literature analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012; 2012:409568. |
| 4. | Yang F, Tang DZ, Cui XJ, Holz JD, Bian Q, Shi Q, et al. Classic yin and yang tonic formula for osteopenia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2011;12:187. |
| 5. | Nih Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention D, Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA 2001; 285(6):785-795. |
| 6. | Feng X, McDonald JM. Disorders of bone remodeling. Annu Rev Pathol 2011;6:121-145. |
| 7. | Thiele J, Hoeppner B, Wienhold S, Schneider G, Fischer R, Zankovich R. Osteoclasts and bone remodeling in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. A histochemical and morphometric study on trephine biopsies in 165 patients. Pathol Res Pract 1989;184(6):591-599. |
| 8. | Shu B, Shi Q, Wang YJ. Shen (Shen)-tonifying principle for primary osteoporosis: to treat both the disease and the Chinese medicine syndrome. Chin J Integr Med 2015;21(9):656-661. |
| 9. | Wang QM, Yuan L, Qi YJ, Ma ZY, Wang LD. Estrogen analogues: promising target for prevention and treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in high risk areas. Med Sci Monit 2010;16(7):HY19-22. |
| 10. | Miller PD. Non-vertebral fracture risk reduction with oral bispho- sphonates: challenges with interpreting clinical trial data. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24(1):107-119. |
| 11. | Gruber HE, Ivey JL, Baylink DJ, Matthews M, Nelp WB, Sisom K, et al. Long-term calcitonin therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Metabolism 1984;33(4):295-303. |
| 12. | Lewiecki EM. Current and emerging pharmacologic therapies for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2009;18(10):1615-1626. |
| 13. | Miller PD. Denosumab: anti-RANKL antibody. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2009;7(1):18-22. |
| 14. | Aki S, Eskiyurt N, Akarirmak U, Tuzun F, Eryavuz M, Alper S, et al. Gastrointestinal side effect profile due to the use of alendronate in the treatment of osteoporosis. Yonsei Med J 2003;44(6):961-967. |
| 15. | Mundy GR. Directions of drug discovery in osteoporosis. Annu Rev Med 2002;53:337-354. |
| 16. | Gennari L, Rotatori S, Bianciardi S, Gonnelli S, Nuti R, Merlotti D. Appropriate models for novel osteoporosis drug discovery and future perspectives. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2015;10(11):1201-1216. |
| 17. | Zhao Y, Li J, Liu Y, Yu KQ, Zhang J, Chen XG. Gu Ling Pian, a traditional Chinese medicine, regulates function and OPG/RANKL synthesis of osteoblasts via the p38 MAPK pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2007;59(8):1167-1173. |
| 18. | Liang L, Jiang Z, Liu Z, Liu W. Clinical observation on osteoporosis treated with traditional Shen-tonifying medicaments. J Tradit Chin Med 1994;14(1):41-44. |
| 19. | Ding GZ, Zhang ZL, Zhou Y. [Clinical study on effect of bushen jiangu capsule on postmenopausal osteoporosis]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1995;15(7):392-394. |
| 20. | Zhu L, Li H, Liu Y. [Study on prevention and treatment of middle and aged women diabetes with Shen deficiency and bone metabolic disturbance]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1999;19(4): 215-217. |
| 21. | Zhao G, Cai D, Dong S, Fan Y. Clinical observation on treatment with the Shen-tonifying prescription in 25 cases of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Tradit Chin Med 2003;23(2):103-105. |
| 22. | Mingyue W, Ling G, Bei X, Junqing C, Peiqing Z, Jie H. Clinical observation on 96 cases of primary osteoporosis treated with Shen- tonifying and bone-strengthening mixture. J Tradit Chin Med 2005; 25(2):132-136. |
| 23. | Deng WM, Zhang P, Huang H, Shen YG, Yang QH, Cui WL, et al. Five-year follow-up study of a Shen-tonifying herbal Fufang for prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis and fragility fractures. J Bone Miner Metab 2012;30(5):517-524. |
| 24. | Carttar MS, Mc LF, Urist MR. The effect of the calcium and phosphorus content of the diet upon the formation and structure of bone. Am J Pathol 1950;26(2):307-331. |
| 25. | Moreno SN, Vercesi AE, Pignataro OP, Docampo R. Calcium homeostasis in Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes: presence of inositol phosphates and lack of an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive calcium pool. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1992;52(2):251-261. |
| 26. | Vinther-Paulsen N. Calcium and phosphorus intake in senile osteoporosis. Geriatrics 1953;8(2):76-79. |
| 27. | Heaney RP, Nordin BE. Calcium effects on phosphorus absorption: implications for the prevention and co-therapy of osteoporosis. J Am Coll Nutr 2002;21(3):239-244. |
| 28. | Zhang Y, Lai WP, Leung PC, Wu CF, Yao XS, Wong MS. Effects of Fructus Ligustri Lucidi extract on bone turnover and calcium balance in ovariectomized rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2006;29(2):291-296. |
| 29. | Li S, Yang X, Yu D, Zhu A. [Effects of invigorating the Shen and strengthening the bones capsule on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rats]. Zhong Yao Cai 2002;25(7):489-491. |
| 30. | Undeland KA, Hausken T, Aanderud S, Berstad A. Lower postprandial gastric volume response in diabetic patients with vagal neuropathy. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1997;9(1 ):19-24. |
| 31. | Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, Kelley M, Chang MS, Luthy R, et al. Osteoproteger in: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 1997;89(2):309-319. |
| 32. | Bucay N, Sarosi I, Dunstan CR, Morony S, Tarpley J, Capparelli C, et al. osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes Dev 1998;12(9):1260-1268. |
| 33. | Zhou L, Liu Q, Yang M, Wang T, Yao J, Cheng J, et al. Dihydroartemisinin, an Anti-Malaria Drug, Suppresses Estrogen Deficiency-Induced Osteoporosis, Osteoclast Formation and RANKL Induced Signalling Pathways. J Bone Miner Res 2016;31(5): 964-974. |
| 34. | Jilka RL. Cytokines, bone remodeling, and estrogen deficiency: a 1998 update. Bone 1998;23(2):75-81. |
| 35. | Pacifici R. Cytokines, estrogen, and postmenopausal osteoporosis- the second decade. Endocrinology 1998;139(6):2659-2661. |
| 36. | Komm BS, Terpening CM, Benz DJ, Graeme KA, Gallegos A, Korc M, et al. Estrogen binding, receptor mRNA, and biologic response in osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells. Science 1988;241(4861):81-84. |
| 37. | Roggia C, Gao Y, Cenci S, Weitzmann MN, Toraldo G, Isaia G, et al. Up-regulation of TNF-producing T cells in the bone marrow: a key mechanism by which estrogen deficiency induces bone loss in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98(24):13960-13965. |
| 38. | Shi J, Zhao Y, Wu W. Effects of the drug (BSZGC)-containing serum on proliferation of rat’s osteoclasts and TRACP activity in vitro. J Tradit Chin Med 2008;28(3):211-216. |
| 39. | Wang SJ, Yue W, Rahman K, Xin HL, Zhang QY, Qin LP, et al. Mechanism of Treatment of Shen Deficiency and Osteoporosis is Similar by Traditional Chinese Medicine. Curr Pharm Des 2016;22(3): 312-320. |
| 40. | Gilca M, Stoian I, Gaman L. A new insight into estrogen signaling: Yin-Yang perspective. J Altern Complement Med 2013;19(1):63-68. |
| 41. | Tang N, Song WX, Luo J, Luo X, Chen J, Sharff KA, et al. BMP-9- induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitors requires functional canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signalling. J Cell Mol Med 2009;13(8B):2448-2464. |
| 42. | Miclea RL, van der Horst G, Robanus-Maandag EC, Lowik CW, Oostdijk W, Wit JM, et al. Apc bridges Wnt/beta-catenin and BMP signaling during osteoblast differentiation of KS483 cells. Exp Cell Res 2011;317(10):1411-1421. |
| 43. | Tang DZ, Hou W, Zhou Q, Zhang M, Holz J, Sheu TJ, et al. Osthole stimulates osteoblast differentiation and bone formation by activation of beta-catenin-BMP signaling. J Bone Miner Res 2010;25(6): 1234-1245. |
| 44. | Tang DZ, Yang F, Yang Z, Huang J, Shi Q, Chen D, et al. Psoralen stimulates osteoblast differentiation through activation of BMP signaling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011;405(2):256-261. |
| 45. | Lin GL, Hankenson KD. Integration of BMP, Wnt, and notch signaling pathways in osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Biochem 2011;112 (12):3491 -3501. |
| 46. | Hilton MJ, Tu X, Wu X, Bai S, Zhao H, Kobayashi T, et al. Notch signaling maintains bone marrow mesenchymal progenitors by suppressing osteoblast differentiation. Nat Med 2008;14(3):306-314. |
| 47. | Bian Q, Liu SF, Huang JH, Yang Z, Tang DZ, Zhou Q, et al. Oleanolic acid exerts an osteoprotective effect in ovariectomy-induced osteo- porotic rats and stimulates the osteoblastic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Menopause 2012;19(2):225-233. |
| 48. | Sibilska I, Sicinski RR, Plum LA, DeLuca HF. Synthesis and biological activity of 25-hydroxy-2-methylene-vitamin D3 compounds. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013;136:17-22. |
| 49. | Shuai B, Shen L, Yang YP, Xie J, Zhou PQ, Li H, et al. [Effects of Chinese Shen-tonifying drugs on bone mineral density (BMD), biomechanics, 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 of ovariectomized osteoporosis rats]. Zhongguo Gu Shang 2008; 21(11):850-853. |
| 50. | Chen KM, Ge BF, Liu XY, Ma PH, Lu MB, Bai MH, et al. Icariin inhibits the osteoclast formation induced by RANKL and macrophage-colony stimulating factor in mouse bone marrow culture. Pharmazie 2007; 62(5):388-391. |
| 51. | Xie YM, Zhang FZ, Zhou WQ. [Clinical study of bugu shengsui capsule in treating primary osteoporosis with Shen-yang deficiency syndrome]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1997;17(9): 526-530. |
| 52. | Li B, Luo QL, Nurahmat M, Jin HL, Du YJ, Wu X, et al. Establishment and comparison of combining disease and syndrome model of asthma with “Shen yang deficiency” and “abnormal savda”. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:658364. |
| 53. | Bian Q, Huang JH, Liu SF, Ning Y, Yang Z, Zhao YJ, et al. Different molecular targets of Icariin on bMSCs in CORT and OVX-rats. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2012;4:1224-1236. |
| 54. | Shen P, Chen D, Zhang G. [Study on efficacy of Chinese Shen-Tonifying Recipe in male rats with osteoporosis induced by dexamethasone and its mechanism]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 1998;18(5): 290-292. |
| 55. | Li Y, Liang W, Li X, Gao B, Gan H, Yin L, et al. Effect of serum from postmenopausal women with osteoporosis exhibiting the Shen-Yang deficiency pattern on bone formation in an hFOB 1.19 human osteoblastic cell line. Exp Ther Med 2015;10(3):1089-1095. |
| 56. | Zhang W, Ma D, Zhao Q, Ishida T. The effect of the major components of Fructus Cnidii on osteoblasts in vitro. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2010;3(1):32-37. |
| 57. | Ming LG, Wang MG, Chen KM, Zhou J, Han GQ, Zhu RQ. [Effect of osthol on apoptosis and bone resorption of osteoclasts cultured in vitro]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2012;47(2):174-179. |
| 58. | Hsieh TP, Sheu SY, Sun JS, Chen MH. Icariin inhibits osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by suppression of MAPKs/NF- kappaB regulated HIF-1alpha and PGE(2) synthesis. Phytomedicine 2011;18(2-3):176-185. |
| 59. | Nian H, Ma MH, Nian SS, Xu LL. Antiosteoporotic activity of icariin in ovariectomized rats. Phytomedicine 2009;16(4):320-326. |
| 60. | Li XF, Xu H, Zhao YJ, Tang DZ, Xu GH, Holz J, et al. Icariin Augments Bone Formation and Reverses the Phenotypes of Osteoprotegerin- Deficient Mice through the Activation of Wnt/beta-Catenin-BMP Signaling. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:652317. |
| 61. | Song L, Zhao J, Zhang X, Li H, Zhou Y. Icariin induces osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and mineralization through estrogen receptor-mediated ERK and JNK signal activation. Eur J Pharmacol 2013;714(1-3):15-22. |
| 62. | Ma XN, Zhou J, Ge BF, Zhen P, Ma HP, Shi WG, et al. Icariin induces osteoblast differentiation and mineralization without dexamethasone in vitro. Planta Med 2013;79(16):1501-1508. |
| 63. | Feng X, Lyu Y, Wu Z, Fang Y, Xu H, Zhao P, et al. Fructus ligustri lucidi ethanol extract improves bone mineral density and properties through modulating calcium absorption-related gene expression in Shen and duodenum of growing rats. Calcif Tissue Int 2014;94(4): 433-441. |
| 64. | Lim DW, Kim YT. Dried root of Rehmannia glutinosa prevents bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Molecules 2013;18(5):5804-5813. |
| 65. | Xia BJ, Tong PJ, Sun Y, Zhou LY, Jin HT. [Methods and evaluations on the sterioid-induced osteoporosis mice model with the type of Shen-Yin deficiency]. Zhongguo Gu Shang 2014;27(8):673-679. |
| 66. | Zhao Y, Huai Y, Jin J, Geng M, Li JX. Quinoxaline derivative of oleanolic acid inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption and prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Menopause 2011;18(6):690-697. |
| 67. | Li JF, Zhao Y, Cai MM, Li XF, Li JX. Synthesis and evaluation of a novel series of heterocyclic oleanolic acid derivatives with anti-osteoclast formation activity. Eur J Med Chem 2009;44(7): 2796-2806. |
| 68. | Kim JY, Cheon YH, Oh HM, Rho MC, Erkhembaatar M, Kim MS, et al. Oleanolic acid acetate inhibits osteoclast differentiation by downregulating PLCgamma2-Ca(2+)-NFATc1 signaling, and suppresses bone loss in mice. Bone 2014;60:104-111. |
| 69. | Malinin GI, Vornberger WJ, Hornicek FJ, Malinin TI. Effects of psoralen on the structural integrity of cultured osteoblasts. Phase contrast, immunofluorescent, and electronmicroscopic evaluation. Arch Toxicol 1996;70(3-4):182-188. |
| 70. | Wong RW, Rabie AB. Effect of psoralen on bone formation. J Orthop Res. 2011;29(2):158-64. |
| 71. | Yang Z, Huang JH, Liu SF, Zhao YJ, Shen ZY, Wang YJ, et al. The osteoprotective effect of psoralen in ovariectomy-induced osteopo- rotic rats via stimulating the osteoblastic differentiation from bone mesenchymal stem cells. Menopause 2012;19(10):1156-1164. |
| 72. | Gao Z, Lu Y, Halmurat U, Jing J, Xu D. Study of osteoporosis treatment principles used historically by ancient physicians in Chinese Medicine. Chin J Integr Med 2013;19(11):862-868. |
| 73. | Ju DH, Lu AP, Zhang CY. [Effects of nourishing shen-yin recipe and warming recuperating shen-yang recipe on interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 activity in ovariectomy induced osteoporosis rats]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi 2003;23(4):284-287. |
| 74. | Zhu K, Yi J, Xiao Y, Lai Y, Song P, Zheng W, et al. Impaired bone homeostasis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mice with muscle atrophy. J Biol Chem 2015;290(13):8081-8094. |
| 75. | Mediati RD, Vellucci R, Dodaro L. Pathogenesis and clinical aspects of pain in patients with osteoporosis. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab 2014;11(3):169-172. |
| 76. | Yang CR, Lai CC. Thiazolidinediones inhibit TNF-alpha-mediated osteoclast differentiation of RAW264.7 macrophages and mouse bone marrow cells through downregulation of NFATc1. Shock 2010;33(6):662-667. |
| 77. | Zhao D, Shi Z, Warriner AH, Qiao P, Hong H, Wang Y, et al. Molecular mechanism of thiazolidinedione-mediated inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis. PLoS One 2014;9(7):e102706. |
| 78. | Sawant A, Deshane J, Jules J, Lee CM, Harris BA, Feng X, et al. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells function as novel osteoclast progenitors enhancing bone loss in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73(2):672-682. |
| 79. | Lorenzo JA, Sousa SL, Alander C, Raisz LG, Dinarello CA. Comparison of the bone-resorbing activity in the supernatants from phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood mononucle- ar cells with that of cytokines through the use of an antiserum to interleukin 1. Endocrinology 1987;121(3):1164-1170. |
| 80. | de Vries TJ, Yousovich J, Schoenmaker T, Scheres N, Everts V. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonist infliximab inhibits osteoclast formation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells but does not affect periodontal ligament fibroblast-mediated osteoclast formation. J Periodontal Res 2016;51(2):186-195. |
| 81. | Sprangers S, Schoenmaker T, Cao Y, Everts V, de Vries TJ. Different Blood-Borne Human Osteoclast Precursors Respond in Distinct Ways to IL-17A. J Cell Physiol 2016;231(6):1249-1260. |
| 82. | Herrera BS, Bastos AS, Coimbra LS, Teixeira SA, Rossa C, Jr., Van Dyke TE, et al. Peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes from patients with chronic periodontitis are primed for osteoclast formation. J Periodontol 2014;85(4):e72-81. |
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
|
Search Pubmed for